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Arthur Schopenhauer
(1788-1860)
German philosopher. His philosophy of pessimism was presented
in: The World as Will and Idea (1818) and Will in Nature (1836).
He held that reality is a blind impelling force, appearing in
individual man as will. The constant mutual resistance of various
wills causes strife, and the individual cannot satisfy the wants
of his will and therefore he lives in pain. The only escape is
negation of the will. Ethics rests only on sympathy for the pain
of others.
Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung,
The World as Will and Representation,
Four Books, publ. 1819 by Brockhaus, Leipzig. (English translation by
Haldane & Kemp, 1883) Ref. Book I, par. 1, Ger. ed. Biographical data
and translations of Schopenhauer's works, as well as extensive
commentaries on his ideas have been published in English translation.
Rudolf Steiner edited a collected edition of the writings of Schopenhauer,
12 vols. with introduction by Steiner, publ. 1894.
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